Biography of Paul Dirac Discoverer of Antimatter

English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac is known for a wide range of contributions to quantum mechanics, particularly to formalizing the mathematical concepts and techniques needed to make the principles internally consistent.  Paul Dirac was awarded the 1933  Nobel Prize in physics, together with  Erwin Schrodinger, for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory. General Information Full name: Paul Adrien Maurice DiracBorn: August 8, 1902, in Bristol, EnglandMarried: Margit Manci Wigner, 1937Children:  Judith Gabriel (Margits children whom Paul adopted) followed by Mary Elizabeth and Florence Monica.Died: October 20, 1984, in Tallahassee, Florida Early Education Dirac earned an engineering degree from the University of Bristol in 1921. Though he received top marks and was accepted to St. Johns College in Cambridge, the scholarship of 70 pounds that he earned was insufficient to support him living in Cambridge. The depression following World War I also made it hard for him to find work as an engineer, so he decided to accept an offer to earn a bachelors degree in mathematics at the University of Bristol. He graduated with his degree in mathematics in 1923 and got another scholarship, which finally allowed him to move to Cambridge to begin his studies in physics, focusing on general relativity. His doctorate was earned in 1926, with the first doctoral thesis on quantum mechanics to be submitted to any university. Major Research Contributions Paul Dirac had a wide range of research interests and was incredibly productive in his work. His doctoral thesis in 1926 he built on the work of Werner Heisenberg and Edwin Schrodinger to introduce a new notation for the quantum wavefunction that was more analogous to previous, classical (i.e. non-quantum) methods. Building off of this framework, he established the Dirac equation in 1928, which represented the relativistic quantum mechanical equation for the electron. One artifact of this equation was that it predicted a result describing another potential particle that seemed like it was precisely identical to an electron, but possessed a positive rather than negative electrical charge. From this result, Dirac predicted the existence of the positron, the first antimatter particle, which was then discovered by Carl Anderson in 1932. In 1930, Dirac published his book Principles of Quantum Mechanics, which became one of the most significant textbooks on the subject of quantum mechanics for nearly a century. In addition to covering the various approaches to quantum mechanics at the time, including the work of Heisenberg and Schrodinger, Dirac also introduced the bra-ket notation that became a standard in the field and the Dirac delta function, which allowed a mathematical method for resolving the seeming discontinuities introduced by quantum mechanics in a manageable way. Dirac also considered the existence of magnetic monopoles, with intriguing implications for quantum physics should they ever be observed to exist in nature. To date, they have not, but his work continues to inspire physicists to seek them out. Awards and Recognition 1930 - elected a Fellow of the Royal Society1933 - Nobel Prize in Physics1939 - Royal Medal (also known as the Queens Medal) from the Royal Society1948 - Honorary Fellow of the American Physical Society1952 - Copley Medal1952 - Max Planck Medal1969 - J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize (inaugural)1971 - Honorary Fellow of Institute of Physics, London1973 - Member of the Order of Merit Paul Dirac was once offered a knighthood but turned it down as he did not wish to be addressed by his first name (i.e. Sir Paul).

In Cold Blood - 1371 Words

Truman Capote’s use of form in his novel In Cold Blood really grabs the reader’s attention. His manipulation of form makes the reader feel as if they are part of the investigation that occurred after the unforgettable night at the Clutter house. He places the information that he gathered from the research in the book in a very interesting sequence that leaves the reader in a state of confusion. The way he jumps from the investigation to the killers within the book adds a sense of dramatic irony but never gives away why or how these cruel men murdered the family. What confuses the reader even more is that Capote leaves us feeling sorry for one of these vicious men, Perry. How Capote utilizes form makes the reader build an emotional†¦show more content†¦Capote was certainly right with his assumption. When Perry was found guilty and sentenced the death penalty, he decided that he was going to die on his own terms instead of someone elses and began to starve himself. Capote is who nursed him back to health by spoon-feeding him baby food. This scene portrays a picture of a father feeding a baby, which makes us see Perry as a helpless child instead of a mass murderer. Capote continues to be a father figure to Perry and gains his full trust. Now that Capote is fully inside Perry’s mind, he is capable of figuring out why Perry is who he is. He finds out that Perry’s troubles began at his childhood. He discovers that Perry was abandoned by his mother and had family members that committed suicide. Any person with that kind of background is bound to have psychological problems. This is when Capote begins to think that Perry was not given a fair trial. According to the MNaghten Rule, the criminals could be tested for insanity by any kind of doctor, Capote felt as if this was not fair because Dr. Jones wasn’t allowed to elaborate about Dick and Perry’s medical report in the trial. Capote continues to gather information on Perry’s past to try to completely comprehend what Perry has gone through. He even makes a visit to Perry’s sister, who doesn’t want to have anything to do with him or the rest of their family. Perry’s sister’sShow MoreRelatedIn Cold Blood1256 Word s   |  6 PagesTruman Capote’s non-fiction novel, In Cold Blood, was a breakthrough in literacy in that it was accredited as the first non-fiction novel. There was a lot of controversy when the book was first published because of the incredibility of the work. This could be expected in that time, because people where not familiar with the concept of non-fiction novels yet, but this is where the beauty of this style of writing lies, the recreation of the truth. It would have been impossible for Capote to have documentedRead MoreCold Blood1139 Words   |  5 PagesIn the non-fiction novel In Cold Blood, Truman Capote (1965) gives his own narrative of the Holcomb tragedy in which a family of four living out on a secluded farm were slaughtered with a shotgun by the collaboration of two individuals for a seemingly few dollars. In this novel, Capote gives a thorough character description of the two murderers, Richard Hickock and Perry Smith, as he recreates their experience (mu ch as he sees it as it would be from their eyes). He gives accounts preceding the eventRead MoreIn Cold Blood999 Words   |  4 PagesIn Truman Capote’s non-fiction novel In Cold Blood, the Clutter family’s murderers, Perry Smith and Dick Hickock, are exposed like never before. The novel allows the reader to experience an intimate understanding of the murderer’s pasts, thoughts, and feelings. It goes into great detail of Smith and Hickock’s pasts which helps to explain the path of life they were walking leading up to the murder’s, as well as the thought’s that were running through their minds after the killings. Perry Smith wasRead MoreIn Cold Blood1043 Words   |  5 PagesThe book I chose to read and do my book journal on this quarter was In Cold Blood by Truman Capote. I really thought that this book was much longer than it really should have been, although it was still a fairly interesting book. The idea that someone you have never met and never heard about could rob and kill everyone in your house is a rather unnerving notion. In this book there is really only one part that I cannot figure out. Towards the end of the book Al Dewey one of the men responsibleRead MoreImagery in in Cold Blood876 Words   |  4 PagesTruly successful authors have the ability to convey their view of a place without actually saying it, to portray a landscape in a certain light simply by describing it. In the opening paragraphs of In Cold Blood, Truman Capote does just this. Through his use of stylistic elements such as selection of detail, imagery, and figurative language, Capote reveals his own solemn and mysterious view of Holcomb, Kansas, while setting the stage for an imminent change. Beginning in the first line of the passageRead MoreCold Blood by Truman Capote900 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1965, Truman Capote created the infamous tale known as â€Å"In Cold Blood†. The book created the illusion of fantasy while based on reality. Many people were floored at the brilliance Capote demonstrated within the pages. The book took the literary concept of a novel with the literary elements of designed scenes, characters, a story formed with an introduction, rising action, climax and resolution to the real events surrounding the murder of the Clutter family. Those that worked in the field ofRead MoreIn Cold Blood Authorial Intents1703 Words   |  7 PagesIn Cold Blood: Two Intents, One Novel On November 15, 1959, the whole nation was shocked by a ghastly murder involving four family members in the discrete farm town of Holcomb, Kansas. It was most shocking because a crime of this magnitude with no motive was rare. This was so discomforting a well known author, by the name of Truman Capote, moved to Holcomb to record the townspeople’s reaction to the tragedy. The idea of how they responded to the crime gave Capote the idea to write a book. In ColdRead MoreIn Cold Blood Book Review896 Words   |  4 Pagesand motives of complex crime, read Truman Capote’s â€Å"In Cold Blood: A True Account of a Multiple Murder and Its Consequences.† If one scares easily, is squeamish or wants to avoid imagining a remorseless, brutal killer around every corner, do not. In his 1965 nonfiction novel, Capote paints a disturbingly vivid picture of the quadruple murder of the Clutters, a highly regarded and semi-wealthy farming family from Holcomb, Kansas. In Cold Blood examines the incentives and methods used by the killersRead MoreCold Blood By Truman Capote1322 Words   |  6 Pages In Cold Blood by Truman Capote would be a good, diverse addition to the ENG 3U course for many reasons, beginning with how the novel is non-fiction, but still manages to create a story line, while remaining appealing for the reason that it differs from most novels on course syllabus to the way the author can make you feel for the characters. In Cold Blood is a novel written about a real life event that happened in Holcomb, Kansas, 1959. A family of four is murdered in their house in cold bloodRead MoreCold Blood : The Trial Of The Century966 Words   |  4 PagesIn Cold Blood verses the Trial of the Century Timelines and storytelling are two of the important aspects of any trial which occurs in the American Courts. The story of â€Å"In Cold Blood† by Truman Capote’s original publication in a four part article in The New Yorker, In Cold Blood was turned into a movie, some would say a documentary of the mass murder, it mirrors the crime O.J. Simpson was accused of in many aspects as being brutal and deliberate but as in both instances the stories appear to bring

Tendon Elasticity

Question: Describe the structure and function of tendons, mechanical properties of tendons, changes in Kinetic and Potential Energy and tendon support in locomotion? Answer: Structure and function of tendons Tendons have properties of elasticity which help them to be flexible and angulated around the bones or joints. They receive their blood supply from the covering of the tendons (vessels in perimycium), periosteal insertions and also from the surrounding tissues. The attachment by the tendons is very important and it is present where the point of insertion is at a distance or where the muscle exertion power is more across a joint. When the tendons stretch themselves and recoil, the metabolic energy gets saved and is thereafter used in locomotion. It stores and returns the elastic strain energy when the kinetic energy is lost during locomotion. (Antony, 2016) Tendons enable the mammals and birds to run and jump. They play an important role in position control while stopping by controlling the force exerted to initiate a jump. This is done by recoiling which is much faster than the action of muscles to shorten themselves. Tendons in a body perform functions to connect muscles to bone, to provide muscles a pinnate arrangement to perform various tasks. They help in contraction and relaxation of the muscles by sometimes extending up as intramuscular tendons. Their main function is to transmit tensile forces generated by the muscle cells and bring about compression and shear as they work around bony or fibrous structures. (Passerieux, 2007) Mechanical properties of tendons Although the function of tendons is tightly integrated, but their mechanical role of contraction during locomotion is independently performed. Alone the muscle fibers cannot work with perfect mechanical force, but when accompanied with tendons makes a muscle-tendon unit which enhances the performance for a wide variety of locomotors activities. When an activity of lower mechanical energy is needed like steady-speed running, then tendons save the mechanical energy by reducing muscle work and recovering cyclic changes in the muscles. The reduced muscle work develops high forces in the skeletal muscle fibers and allows muscle fibers to work isometrically. This action is carried out by stretching and recoiling of the associated tendon. Evidences have suggested that while running, the acceleration gets transferred directly from the muscle to the tendon resulting in its stretch. The stored energy in the tendon gets released and thus the energy level in the body also rises up to perform the task. This periodic change in the length of tendons helps to distribute the muscle power equally and provides independent flexion/extension movement to occur at a joint. (Robert, 2002) Changes in Kinetic and Potential Energy The utilization of the elastic energy and its reuse during locomotion/running is a result of change that occurs in the kinetic energy of the runner. The center of mass of the limb absorbs the kinetic and potential energy thus slowing down first half of the step. The stored energy only helps in performing half of the activity and the other half is done by the cyclic work of the contractile elements. The energy saved by the elastic mechanism of the runners is not only to reduce muscle work but to allow the muscles to operate at shortened velocities which are necessary for the production of force during running. Apart from the fluctuations in the mechanical energy, the running animals move at a steady speed to generate sufficient muscle force so that their body weight remains supported. The evidences from the studies of muscle and limb dynamics have suggested that tendons stretch early in the step of muscle shortening which is the energy directly transferred from the muscle during the running accelerations. The stored energy in the tendons is then released to empower the increase in energy of the body. This change in length of the tendon redistributes the muscle power and enables the contractile elements to shorten at constant velocities. (Thomas, 2002) Tendon support in locomotion The stiffness of the collagens makes it ideal to function properly as a spring in the tendons of vertebrates; 91-95 percent of the energy stored by the tendons on stretching can be removed by the elastic recoiling of the tendon fibers. The tendon requires much less maintenance and operating cost per unit mass than that compared to a muscle (300-500 fold).this relationship reaches to its maximum when the required force is transmitted completely by the passive stretch of the tendon. Animals energy is worked out directly by the muscle to operate, maintain and move relatively with the tissue mass, otherwise it would be carried out by the tendons passively. To better understand the function and use of tendons in the locomotors activities of animals, an example of ostrich and Maos can be taken. Ostriches are said to be the fastest running bird on the planet. The reason behind it is the structure of legs designed in such a way so as to control and maximize its speed and duration during a run. When measurements were taken to find the reason behind, it was found that maximum stress is laid on the muscles and tendons of legs and highest amount of forces takes place during the initiation and termination of the run. Like ostriches maos are also flightless birds that have heavier and thicker bones than ostriches. Their body mass is greater than the weight in their bones which allows them to run fast and lay less stress on tendons. Conclusion The tendon elasticity and muscle work that helps animals in locomotion and the mechanics behind it lies under the architecture system of the muscle-tendon unit. Muscles generally contribute only to the mechanical work whereas tendons play a major role in providing elastic energy to the animal to perform a specific task. They provide majority of muscle activity by saving the elastic energy and using it when required. The various forces acting on the body (eccentric or isometric) are enhanced which reduces the energy expenditure and provides balance and comfort during an activity. References Benjamin, M., Kaiser, E. and Milz, S. (2008). Structure-function relationships in tendons: a review.J Anatomy, 212(3), pp.211-228. Bennett, M. (2009). A possible energy-saving role for the major fascia of the thigh in running quadrupedal mammals.Journal of Zoology, 219(2), pp.221-230. D'Antoni, A. (2016). Gray's Anatomy, the Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, Forty-First Edition, by Susan Standring, Editor-in-Chief, Elsevier Limited, 2016, 1,562 Pages, ISBN: 978-0-7020-5230-9.Clin. Anat., 29(2), pp.264-265. Dickinson, M. (2000). How Animals Move: An Integrative View.Science, 288(5463), pp.100-106.) Irschick, D. (2004). Animal Locomotion. Oxford Animal Biology Series. By AndrewABiewener. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN: 0198500238 (hc); 019850022X (pb). 2003.The Quarterly Review of Biology, 79(1), pp.89-90.) Magnusson, S., Narici, M., Maganaris, C. and Kjaer, M. (2008). Human tendon behavior and adaptation, in vivo.The Journal of Physiology, 586(1), pp.71-81.) PASSERIEUX, E., ROSSIGNOL, R., LETELLIER, T. and DELAGE, J. (2007). Physical continuity of the perimycium from myofibers to tendons: Involvement in lateral force transmission in skeletal muscle. Journal of Structural Biology, 159(1), pp.19-28. Roberts, T. (2002). The integrated function of muscles and tendons during locomotion.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular Integrative Physiology, 133(4), pp.1087-1099.) Roberts, T. (2002). The integrated function of muscles and tendons during locomotion.Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular Integrative Physiology, 133(4), pp.1087-1099.) Wells, K. (1999). Principles of Animal Design: The Optimization and Symmorphosis Debate Ewald R. Weibel C. Richard Taylor Liana Bolis.The Quarterly Review of Biology, 74(2), pp.233-234. Williams, S., Wilson, A., Rhodes, L., Andrews, J. and Payne, R. (2008). Functional anatomy and muscle moment arms of the pelvic limb of an elite sprinting athlete: the racing greyhound.Journal of Anatomy, 213(4), pp.361-372.)

Traffic Collision and People free essay sample

As the number of vehicles on the roads increases, so does the danger. Although there is modern safety equipment, cars are still mainly responsible for the total number of traffic accidents. This is very common in Turkey, which has the second highest RTA (road traffic accident) rate in the world. There are several reasons for traffic accidents in Turkey such as the attitude of Turkish drivers, the poor conditions of the roads, and the number of old cars in traffic. The first reason for traffic accidents in Turkey is the attitude of Turkish drivers. Turkish drivers can become completely different when they drive their cars. Especially people in a traffic jam become very nervous because the crowd makes them crazy, so they lose their patience and also their attention. In addition, most young drivers like driving fast and they risk their lives and other people’s lives. What’s more, some Turkish people drive when they are drunk. We will write a custom essay sample on Traffic Collision and People or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It can be very difficult to control their cars when they drink too much. Another reason is the poor conditions of roads. There are road constructions all the time. For example, one day, they dig the road for telephone cabling. Then the road is repaired. Two days later, it is repaired again and they install electricity cables. As a result, the road is full of holes. Furthermore, the road signs are poorly arranged. It is too difficult to read a sign when the traffic is going very fast because the sign is either behind a tree or some words are erased from it. The final for reason for traffic accidents in Turkey is that there are lots of old cars in traffic. The owners of these cars do not care about them, so they can cause accidents. For example, if a car is twenty years old, its wheel can fall off, and this can lead to a terrible accident. In addition, old cars have old engines, and old engines can be a huge problem. For instance, they can start to burn in traffic. To sum up, the attitude of Turkish drivers, the poor conditions of the roads, and the number of old cars in traffic are the reasons why people have accidents in Turkey. It is strogly believed that the number of accidents can decrease if people keep calm, take a taxi when they are drunk, repair the roads, and place the traffic signs where people can see them easily. They should also ban old cars from traffic. If nothing is done, many people will go on dying. ( giving advice) Answer the following questions. 1. What is the essay about? It is about the reasons for traffic accidents in Turkey. 2. What is the first reason for traffic accidents in Turkey? The attitude of Turkish drivers 3. What are the results of driving in a traffic jam? Give TWO examples. a) They become very nervous b) They lose their patience and also their attention. 4. What is the second reason for traffic accidents in Turkey? The poor conditions of roads 5. Why can it be difficult to read road signs in fast-going traffic? Give TWO reasons. a) The sign is either behind a tree b) Some words are erased from it What is the third reason for traffic accidents in Turkey? There are lots of old cars in traffic 7. What pieces of advice does the author give us to stop traffic accidents in Turkey? Give TWO examples. People should keep calm / take a taxi when they are drunk / repair the roads / place the traffic signs where people can see them easily / ban old cars from traffic SAMPLE ESSAY 2 Read the model essay. HARMFUL EFFECTS OF WATCHING TELEVISION In a recent cartoon, one character said to another, â€Å"When you think of the great power of television to educate people, aren’t you glad it doesn’t? † It is true that television has the power to educate and entertain, but unfortunately, television brings harm to people instead of benefits. Television is harmful because it creates passivity, discourages communication, and presents a false picture of reality. First of all, television makes viewers passive. For example, little children love watching the Sesame Street. In the Sesame Street, the characters are going on natural walks, playing with animals, and taking part in games. However, children become coach potatoes since they just sit and watch their favourite characters. Therefore, they become physically passive. In addition, older viewers watch a discussion programme, but nobody will turn to the home viewers to ask for their opinion about the topic that is discussed on television. As a result, it is inevitable for them to become mentally passive. Secondly, television discourages communication. Families who watch television a lot talk only during commercials. If their next door neighbour visits them, the most comfortable activity for everyone is to watch television instead of having a conversation. What’s more, in some houses, all the family members have their own televisions in their rooms. As a result, people separately watch television and have a little communication. Worst of all, television presents a false picture of reality. This picture makes viewers angry because they do not have the beauty or richness of characters on television. Viewers think that everyone in the United States has a luxurious apartment, a fast car and expensive wardrobe. Every detective, police officer, and lawyer, male or female, is suitable for a celebrity poster. In addition, news anchors and reporters have perfect hair and makeup because they must fit television’s standard of beauty. However, when viewers meet the characters on television, they become disappointed because they realise that what they see on television is far from reality. All in all, television, like cigarettes or saccharine, is harmful to our health. We are becoming passive, isolated and angry. And, most frightening, the average viewer spends a lot of time in front of television. I believe that people should reduce their television viewing time to be more sociable and active. Answer the following questions. 1. What is the essay about? It is about why television is harmful 2. What are the harmful effects of television? An essay is a piece of writing that usually has five or more paragraphs. An essay is written about one topic that has several main points. The main points are introduced in an introduction paragraph and supported in body paragraphs. The conclusion paragraph is the last paragraph. INTRODUCTION PARAGRAPH An introduction paragraph is the first paragraph in an essay. It contains two parts. Background Information: A few sentences about your subject that catch the attention of your reader. A Thesis Statement: One sentence that tells your reader the main points of your topic and states the overall â€Å"plan† of your essay. General Statements Metropolitan City is full of charm and beauty, so visitors from around the world come to enjoy its famous theatres, museums, and ethnic restaurants. Although Metropolitan City seems like a paradise, it isn’t. The city has several serious problems: poor public transportation, crowded streets, and expensive housing. Thesis Statement GIVING BACKGROUND INFORMATION There are no specific rules for writing an introduction, but there are several techniques. Many introductions use one or a combination of the following techniques to provide background information and capture the readers attention. Move from general to specific This type of introduction opens with a general statement on the subject that shows importance and then leads the reader to the more specific thesis statement. Use an anecdote Another way to write an introduction is to relate an interesting story that will interest the reader in the subject. Newspaper and magazine writers frequently use this technique to begin their articles. Use a quotation A quotation is an easy way to introduce your topic. You can quote an authority on your subject or use an interesting quotation from an article. You can also be more informal and use a proverb or a favourite saying of a friend or relative. Ask a question Asking one or more questions at the beginning of an essay is a good way to interest readers in the topic right away. They will want to continue reading in order to find the answers to the questions. Present facts and statistics Presenting some interesting facts or statistics establishes credibility. Analysing Introductions Read the following sample introductions. Then, in small groups, identify the technique or techniques that are used in each one. Remember that authors often use a combination of techniques to write an introduction. 1. Karate, which literally means the art of empty hands, is the most widely practiced of all the martial arts. It is a way of self-defence that uses the body as a weapon for striking, kicking, and blocking. The art of karate, which originated in the ancient Orient, is more than 1,000 years old. It developed first as a form of monastery training and later became a method of self-defence. During the seventeenth century, karate became highly developed as an art on the Japanese island of Okinawa. Over the years, this ancient art has become very popular, and today karate is practiced throughout the world. More than a method of combat, karate emphasizes self-discipline, positive attitude, and high moral purpose. Technique(s): _________________________ 2. One student looks at his neighbour’s exam paper and quickly copies the answers. Another student finds out the questions on a test before her class takes it and tells her friends. Still another student hides a sheet of paper with formulas under her desk. What about you? Would you cheat on an exam if you knew you would not get caught? According to a recent national survey, 40 percent of American teenagers would cheat under that condition. What is causing cheating in our schools? Most students cheat on tests because they feel pressure to get into a good college, because they want to avoid long hours of studying, or simply because they are not concerned with honesty. Technique(s): _________________________ 3. Homicides cause the deaths of more children in Washington, D. G. , than any other single type of injury, including car accidents, or house fires. Unfortunately, this phenomenon is not exclusive to Washington. The overcrowded neighbourhoods of many big American cities, such as Detroit, Dallas, and Miami, all experience senseless violent crime. Types of violent crime range from burglary to rape and murder. The solution to this growing problem is not to build more and bigger prisons, but rather to examine and deal with the causes: easy access to guns, drug addiction, and increasing poverty. Technique(s): _________________________ 4. Misty, a five-month-old German shepherd puppy, goes to the hospital twice a week, but not to see a veterinarian. At this Veterans Administration hospital, Misty is helping doctors – not the other way around. Surprisingly, animals like Misty are visiting hospitals to relieve a type of pain doctors cannot treat. These animals give love in their therapy. Pets ranging from dogs to tropical fish are showing up as therapists in hospitals, nursing homes, prisons, and other institutions. Technique(s): _________________________ WHAT IS A THESIS STATEMENT? A thesis statement expresses your opinion about a topic. It is the basis of the introductory paragraph of your essay. It should be a single complete sentence. You must be sure you can support the opinion in your thesis. A thesis statement should never be an open-ended question be limited to mentioning only those points you plan to discuss in your essay never be so broad that it’s difficult to discuss all relevant information only present one specific idea; not multiple ideas not contain two conflicting ideas EXERCISES ON THESIS STATEMENT PART A: Identify the problems in the following thesis statements using these categories: (a) conflicting ideas(b) open-ended question(c) too broad(d) not limited 1. The World’s Fair in New Orleans was a disaster because of the way it was organised, but it was exciting for little children and had many good food booths. Problem(s): (c) too broad 2. TV commercials are disturbing to the person who wants to watch a good show; on the other hand, they provide entertainment and they provide a good opportunity to take a snack break. Problem(s): (a) conflicting ideas 3. Since politicians are constantly bombarding each other, how do they expect anyone to know who is right and who is wrong? Problem(s): (b) open-ended question 4. Rap music is a popular form of art because it is creative and original and because it follows the traditions of other spontaneously developed music like jazz. Problem(s): (c) too broad 5. If people are not conscious of pollution, the world will be destroyed by the year 2050. Problem(s): (d) not limited PART B: Write the thesis statement for the topic sentences given. 1. Thesis Statement: e. g. Working people have several problems. a. First of all, they may have to take work home. b. Another problem is that they have to work long hours. c. The most important problem is that they may be under pressure. Thesis Statement: Ready meals are becoming more and more popular every day. a. Firstly, ready meals are easy to prepare. b. Secondly, working people do not have enough time to cook. c. Finally, people can taste meals from around the world. 3. Thesis Statement: There are several reasons why people have sleeping problems. a. The first reason is that some people work really long hours and have to do a lot of travelling. b. Another reason for sleeping problems is unhealthy habits such as smoking or drinking too much coffee. c. Finally, in some countries people cannot sleep because of the lack of light. Thesis Statement: Heart trouble results from several factors. a. First of all, the person may be under stress. b. Another risk factor is a family history of relatives with heart trouble. c. The major factor, however, is an unhealthy lifestyle. 5. Thesis Statement: Watching TV is beneficial in several ways. a. First of all, watching TV has the value of relaxation. b. In addition to being relaxing , television is entertaining. c. Most importantly television is educational. BODY PARAGRAPHS The body consists of one or more paragraphs following the introduction. Each paragraph supports the main idea of your essay by breaking it down into smaller ideas or sub- topics. Each body paragraph consists of a ‘topic sentence’ and several ‘supporting sentences’. A ‘conclusion sentence’, which is optional, draws the paragraph together. Topic Sentence The first and most important problem is Metropolitan City’s inadequate public transportation system. Thousands of residents rely on the city’s buses and streetcars to travel throughout this large city, but Metro Transportation System’s daily schedules are totally unreliable. A bus or a streetcar that should arrive at 7:45 may not arrive until 8:00 or later. Moreover, it is not unusual for a bus driver to pass up groups of people who are waiting for the bus because he wants to make up for lost time. Unfortunately, many people go to work late or miss important appointments. People must allow for waiting time at the bus and streetcar stops to get to their destinations on time. Concluding Sentence EXERCISES PART A: Write three supporting sentences for each of the following topic sentences. e. g. : I am terrible at doing the laundry. a. I often shrink my favourite shirts because I leave them in the dryer for too long. b. I forget to separate the coloured clothes from the white ones. PART B: Fill in the clustering diagram below. Now fill in the diagram below. Complete the thesis statement, and write three body paragraphs for the introduction paragraph given below. THE CAUSES OF CRIME Nowadays, the most serious issue in modern societies is high crime rates. In other words, the number of people who commit crime has increased recently. Some streets in our city are so dangerous that we are afraid to walk in these streets at night. In addition, the number of thieves is very high in our neighbourhood. Well, what are the causes of this terrible situation? He is very ill. He will certainly die if you do not call a doctor. Clearly, that cannot be true. It is an obvious lie. Everyone knows that. REFORMULATION in other words to put it in a different way Michael is a heavy sleeper. In other words, it is very difficult to wake him up. Some people are workaholics. To put it in a different way, they hardly ever take time off work. ADDITION LINKING and also besides moreover furthermore / what’s more in addition first, (firstly, / first of all, / to begin with, / in the first place, / for one thing secondly, (second, / in the second place,) thirdly, (third, / in the third place,) finally, / lastly, / last of all, apart from as well as Tom is addicted to drugs. Moreover / Besides / Also, he drinks too much. Nancy writes short stories. In addition, she writes articles for a newspaper. To prepare his homework, Jack went through various history books. Furthermore, he took notes from several encyclopaedias. During her spare time, Kayla practices the piano. In addition, she plays the violin. I prefer to buy fruits and vegetables in the open market because they are quite cheap there. Besides, they are much fresher than fruits and vegetables sold at the greengrocer’s. Living in a city offers good job opportunities. Also, it provides good educational opportunities. Ali does not have a gift for music. Moreover, he lacks motivation to practice music. Therefore, he can’t become a good musician. Owning a car has some advantages. First, (Firstly, / First of all, / To begin with,) it gives you comfort. Secondly, it saves you a lot of time. Thirdly, it gives you great freedom of movement. Apart from Citroen, we are the largest sports car manufacturer. As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition. John loves working for that company because he has time to relax. What’s more, he gets a pay rise next year. CONCLUSION in summary in brief in short in conclusion to be brief to sum up all in all This is the National Football Team’s most disastrous and embarrassing defeat ever; in short, it is a fiasco. Andrew had bad habits, cheated on his wife, and didn’t have a job. In conclusion, he was a terrible husband. REASON RESULT Some people are very stressed Children drink polluted water , so . As a result, . Consequently, . As a consequence, . For this reason, . Therefore, . That’s why, they may have health problems. they become ill and die. Stress Drinking polluted water can cause is the cause of leads to gives rise to results in is the reason for health problems. death among children. Some people may have health problems People become ill because since as they are very stressed. they drink polluted water. People have health problems Children become ill and die because of due to as a result of as a consequence of stress. drinking polluted water. CONTRAST although Although my mother is talkative, my father is quiet. My father is quiet although my mother is talkative. however My mother is talkative. However, my father is quiet. My mother is talkative; however, my father is quiet. on the other hand My mother is talkative. On the other hand, my father is quiet. but My mother is talkative, but my father is quiet.yet My mother is talkative, yet my father is quiet. different from My mother’s personality is different from my father’s personality. unlike Unlike my mother, my father is quiet. EXERCISES ON LINKING WORDS PART A: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate linking words in the box. although because in fact in other words since finally however as well as It was a dark and a rainy night. It was 2 o’clock in the morning when my phone rang. A voice on the phone told me to get up immediately and come to the office. I was shocked at that moment; (1) in other words, I didn’t know what to do but anyway I got up and got dressed. While I was walking in the street, I felt creepy (2) because / since it was dark and cold. (3) Because / Since it was very late at night, there was nobody around. (4) Although I had put on a thick cardigan, I was feeling cold. (5) Finally, I came to the office at 2. 35 after a long walk. I was curious (6) as well as scared. (7) However, when I opened the door, all the lights went on and everybody shouted ‘Happy Birthday’. (8) In fact, it was a surprise birthday party for me. PART B: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate linking words in the box. to begin with since